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This report proposes guidelines for developing REDD+ reference levels (RLs) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).1 It identifies principles that should be adhered to, the steps that must be taken, the data that will be required, and shows how the data can be analyzed to produce scientifically credible estimates of historic GHG emissions and removals from forests, which can then be used to project RLs.
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The introduction of REDD+ in participating countries is likely to have a significant impact on the dynamics of conflicts over forest resources, and on land, oil, gas, minerals and other valuable resources in forested areas. The purpose of this Guidance Note is to help countries strengthen their capacity for grievance resolution in order to respond to contentious issues, complaints and disputes.
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Complex and variable ecological and social settings make the programme on reducing emissions through avoided deforestation, forest degradation and other forestry activities in developing countries (REDD+) a challenging policy to design. The total value to society of each type of REDD+ outcome is dependent on the fundamentally different risk profiles of alternative forest-management approaches and their scope and potential for co-benefits. We suggest a modular policy framework for REDD+ that distinguishes and differentially compensates the distinct outcomes. This could represent an improved framework to promote and manage incentives for effective forest-carbon initiatives, offer better scope to find common ground in policy negotiations and allow faster adaptation of policy to an uncertain future.
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The Little Forest Finance Book is an excellent contribution to forest discussions. The book analyzes in a clear and concise manner the various options for forest financingand presents case studies underway in developing countries. As such, it will be an indispensible tool, making forest financing options more accessible to all.
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Climate Policy Initiative is a team of analysts and advisors that works to improve the most important energy and land use policies around the world, with a particular focus on finance. An independent organization supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Foundations, CPI works in places that provide the most potential for policy impact including Brazil, China, Europe, India, Indonesia, and the United States. CPI’s work helps nations grow while addressing increasingly scarce resources and climate risk. This is a complex challenge in which policy plays a crucial role. The EU REDD Facility supports partner countries in improving land use governance as part of their effort to slow, halt and reverse deforestation. The Facility also supports the overall EU effort to reduce its impact on deforestation in developing countries. The Facility is hosted by the European Forest Institute (EFI), and was established in 2010. It is funded by the European Union, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom.
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A successful REDD+ mechanism will allow PNG to protect the country’s forests with its rich biodiversity and cultural value.
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For this alone, it reflects PNG’s long standing commitment in addressing global climate change. In particular by proposing measures to realise the carbon abatement opportunity offered by preserving and sustainably managing tropical forests, i.e. by introducing the concept of REDD-plus into international negotiations in 2005 alongside Costa Rica.
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PNG is realizing its “National Forest Monitoring System” as a system that will address all the information, monitoring and MRV needs under the Convention. The National Forest Monitoring System will be developed with a multiple purposes approach, e.g. forests, land use, land tenure, food security, biodiversity and rural livelihoods. The National Forest Monitoring System is a long-term effort that will be developed with a clear and strong institutional base
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Weather consists of the short-term (minutes to days) variations in the atmosphere. Weather is expressed in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility and wind. Climate is the slowly varying aspect of the atmosphere-hydrosphere-land surface system. It is typically characterized in terms of averages of specific states of the atmosphere, ocean, and land, including variables such as temperature (land,ocean, and atmosphere), salinity (oceans), soil moisture (land), wind speed and direction (atmosphere), and current strength and direction (oceans).
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The NCA report is the official US Government “State of the Union” about climate change, produced andvetted by 13 Federal agencies.
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L3MTO provides probabilistic local forecasts of 3-month average daily temperatures for thirteen consecutive 3-month periods (January-February-March, February-March-April, March-April-May, etc.).
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NOAA’s Online Weather Data (NOWData) is a data query system providing basic climate statistics to the public, using the NOAA Regional Climate Center Applied Climate Information System (ACIS).
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The El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and the patterns of sea level pressure, lower- and upper-level winds, and tropical rainfall across the Pacific basin.
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The purpose of this fact sheet is to present an outline to assist in beginning a discussion on climate at a very basic and elementary level.
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Drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period. It is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that occurs in virtually all climate zones. The duration of droughts varies widely. There are cases when drought develops relatively quickly and lasts a very short period of time, exacerbated by extreme heat and/or wind, and there are other cases when drought spans multiple years, or even decades.
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The Vision 2050 aimed at positioning PNG to be among the top 50 countries on Human Development Index by 2050, while the Development Strategic Plan is aimed at achieving the status of a prosperous middle income country by 2030.
It is apparent that except for Vision 2050 and DSP 2010-2030, all the strategies and plans were focussed on achieving short-term growth and development. But, as directed by the national constitution, we need to focus on long term development for achieving growth, equity and sustainability for the benefit of our present and future generations.
Long term sustainability requires that more attention be paid to the responsible management and use of our natural resources. The nonrenewable natural resources, such as, minerals (gold, copper, etc.) are in fixed quantity. Excessive extraction of these resources led by foreign companies leads to their exhaustion leaving nothing for our future generations. Similarly, our renewable resources, such as, forest, fishery and coral reefs also needs to be used responsibly without exploiting them beyond their critical biological re-generational limits for their sustainability.
PNG has the third largest tropical forest in the world. However, in recent years, this resource has been rapidly declining because of excessive logging by foreign companies, conversion of forest land into agricultural land, and by fires. Similarly, over 500,000 tonnes of fish is extracted every year for domestic consumption and export. Not enough research has been conducted to understand the critical biological re-generational limits of our fish stocks.
PNG has several big and small rivers with potential for the generation of hydro-electricity. It also has tropical sun, wind, bio-gas and geothermal resources to produce clean energy. Yet less than 15% of the population have access to electricity.
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This MTDP III was formulated through a rigorous process involving wide stakeholder consultations at international, regional, national, provincial and sectoral levels over a period of nine months. The Department of National Planning and Monitoring conducted a detailed review of our socio-economic performance over the past 10 years and in past development plans (MTDP I and MTDP II). The success and failures of these plans gave us invaluable lessons as the basis to formulate the MTDP III. To give us better international perspectives of the Plan, we have learnt significant insights from development performances of many countries within the Asia-Pacific Region.
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The PNG Development Strategic Plan (PNG DSP) embodies the principles of the Constitution of PNG and reinforces the fundamental directives required to advance PNG into a middle-income country by 2030.
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The PNG Development Strategic Plan (PNG DSP) embodies the principles of the Constitution of PNG and reinforces the fundamental directives required to advance PNG into a middle-income country by 2030.
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PNG Government's Platform for Action for the first 18 months in office in 2012 and beyond.
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Balancing the inputs and outputs on a farm is fundamental to its success and profitability. The ability of GIS to analyze and visualize agricultural environments and workflows has proved to be very benefi cial to those involved in the farming industry. From mobile GIS in the fi eld to the scientifi c analysis of production data at the farm manager's office, GIS is playing an increasing role in agriculture production throughout the world by helping farmers increase production, reduce costs, and manage their land more effi ciently. While natural inputs in farming cannot be controlled, they can be better understood and managed with GIS applications such as crop yield estimates, soil amendment analyses, and erosion identifi cation and remediation.
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This document introduces UNDP’s Green Commodities Programme, explains the rationale and role of the Programme, describes its approach and highlights its added value and services.
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The population of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is growing at approximately 2.1% per year (CIA 2009) increasing the demand for food. Internal migration to peri-urban areas, in particular, the national capital of Port Moresby (PoM), and increased demand from an expanding middle class and expatriate mining and gas industry professionals are compounding food demands. Highland regions e.g. Eastern Highlands Province (EHP) grow a range of temperate (or western) vegetables, but distance from PoM, and poor transport infrastructure and services constrain consistency of supply and quality. Seasonally dry coastal lowlands and cooler highlands (Sogeri Plateau, Goilala District), in Central Province (CP) nearer PoM could increase production and improve supply. In 2008, about 50,000 tonnes of PoM’s 141,000 tonne/yr fresh produce came from peri-urban gardens (FPDA 2008) on on rocky, erodible, drought prone and difficult to irrigate sites (Bleeker 1975). Thus, sustainable production is unlikely. Vegetables, e.g. root and leafy crops, broccoli and zucchini are also produced in alluvial flood plains and on the Sogeri Plateau. Retail prices are unstable, and marketing is mostly through informal markets and direct supply to end users or supermarkets. Supply has not met PoM demand (FPDA 2008), so this study was initiated to identify constraints to and opportunities for expanding production to improve vegetable supplies to PoM markets.
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The purpose of this study is to explore contingent valuation (CV) methods as a means to account for local contexts in influencing opportunity costs of avoided deforestation. The general idea is that when a household is considering how much they are willing to accept for conserving trees, they consider the myriad of considerations, referred to above, so that their choices reflect local contexts.
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PNG has taken on that step with the support of the UNREDD Programme (National Joint Programme in Papua New Guinea (PNG) UNJP/PNG/004/UNJ) and the technical support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to commence the process of Technical support to the Papua New Guinea Forest Authority (PNGFA) to implement the multipurpose National Forest Inventory (NFI)4 for the country. This support has been further strengthened with substantial funding also from the European Commission under its Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) and implemented under the EU/FAO/GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE PROGRAMME. This Report is a documentation of all the completed work on the NFI so far, particularly in presenting" the results or outcomes of the various assessments that have been conducted with respect to forest and land use in Papua New Guinea.
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The UN-REDD Programme is the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries. The Programme was launched in 2008 and builds on the convening role and technical expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United National Environment Programme (UNEP).The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful involvement of all stakeholders, including indigenous people and other forest dependent communities, in national and international REDD+ implementation.
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This document article is mainly based on Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Emission Reductions Programs and General Conditions Applicable to Emission Reductions Payment Agreements. These General Conditions set forth the terms and conditions applicable to the ERPA, to the extent of and subject to any modifications set forth in the ERPA.